:root {
    --navy: #0a1628;
    --teal: #0d9488;
    --teal-light: #14b8a6;
    --cream: #faf7f2;
    --gold: #d4a847;
    --muted: #8b9ab0;
    --card-bg: #ffffff;
    --border: #e2e8f0;
  }

  * { box-sizing: border-box; scroll-behavior: smooth; }

  body {
    font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;
    background: var(--cream);
    color: var(--navy);
    overflow-x: hidden;
  }

  /* ── NAV ── */
  nav.navbar {
    background: rgba(10, 22, 40, 0.97);
    backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1rem 0;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1000;
  }
  .navbar-brand {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-weight: 900;
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    color: var(--teal-light) !important;
    letter-spacing: -0.5px;
  }
  .nav-link {
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75) !important;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    transition: color 0.2s;
    padding: 0.4rem 1rem !important;
  }
  .nav-link:hover { color: var(--teal-light) !important; }

  /* ── HERO ── */
  .hero {
    min-height: 100vh;
    background: var(--navy);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .hero-grid {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image:
      linear-gradient(rgba(13,148,136,0.08) 1px, transparent 1px),
      linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(13,148,136,0.08) 1px, transparent 1px);
    background-size: 60px 60px;
    animation: gridShift 20s linear infinite;
  }
  @keyframes gridShift {
    0% { background-position: 0 0; }
    100% { background-position: 60px 60px; }
  }
  .hero-glow {
    position: absolute;
    width: 700px; height: 700px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(13,148,136,0.18) 0%, transparent 70%);
    top: -200px; right: -200px;
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .hero-glow2 {
    position: absolute;
    width: 400px; height: 400px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(212,168,71,0.1) 0%, transparent 70%);
    bottom: -100px; left: -100px;
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .hero-content { position: relative; z-index: 2; padding: 6rem 0; }
  .hero-eyebrow {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 3px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--teal-light);
    margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.75rem;
  }
  .hero-eyebrow::before {
    content: '';
    display: inline-block;
    width: 30px; height: 1px;
    background: var(--teal-light);
  }
  .hero h1 {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 6vw, 5rem);
    font-weight: 900;
    line-height: 1.08;
    color: #ffffff;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  }
  .hero h1 em {
    font-style: italic;
    color: var(--teal-light);
  }
  .hero-sub {
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6);
    max-width: 520px;
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
  }
  .btn-primary-custom {
    background: var(--teal);
    color: white;
    border: none;
    padding: 0.85rem 2rem;
    border-radius: 4px;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    transition: all 0.25s;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: inline-block;
  }
  .btn-primary-custom:hover {
    background: var(--teal-light);
    color: white;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(13,148,136,0.35);
  }
  .btn-outline-custom {
    background: transparent;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);
    padding: 0.85rem 2rem;
    border-radius: 4px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    transition: all 0.25s;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: inline-block;
  }
  .btn-outline-custom:hover {
    border-color: var(--teal-light);
    color: var(--teal-light);
  }
  .hero-stat-row {
    display: flex;
    gap: 2.5rem;
    margin-top: 3.5rem;
    padding-top: 2rem;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);
  }
  .hero-stat .num {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: 2rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--teal-light);
    line-height: 1;
  }
  .hero-stat .label {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.45);
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    margin-top: 0.3rem;
  }

  /* ── SECTION WRAPPER ── */
  section { padding: 6rem 0; }
  .section-label {
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 3px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--teal);
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
  }
  .section-title {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.5vw, 2.8rem);
    font-weight: 800;
    line-height: 1.15;
    color: var(--navy);
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
  }
  .section-sub {
    color: #5a6b80;
    font-size: 1rem;
    line-height: 1.75;
    max-width: 600px;
  }
  .divider {
    width: 48px; height: 3px;
    background: var(--teal);
    margin: 1.5rem 0 2rem;
    border-radius: 2px;
  }

  /* ── INTRO ── */
  .intro-section { background: var(--cream); }
  .intro-body {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: #374151;
  }

  /* ── BLOCKQUOTE ── */
  .research-quote {
    background: var(--navy);
    border-radius: 8px;
    padding: 2.5rem 2rem 2rem 2.5rem;
    position: relative;
    margin: 2rem 0;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .research-quote::before {
    content: '\201C';
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: 8rem;
    line-height: 1;
    color: var(--teal);
    opacity: 0.15;
    position: absolute;
    top: -1rem;
    left: 1rem;
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .research-quote p {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    font-style: italic;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.88);
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin: 0 0 1rem;
    position: relative;
  }
  .research-quote cite {
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    color: var(--teal-light);
    font-style: normal;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
  }
  .research-quote cite a {
    color: var(--teal-light);
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--teal);
  }

  /* ── APPLICATION CARDS ── */
  .app-section { background: #f1f5f9; }
  .app-card {
    background: white;
    border-radius: 10px;
    padding: 2rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--border);
    height: 100%;
    transition: all 0.3s;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .app-card::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: var(--teal);
    transform: scaleX(0);
    transform-origin: left;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  }
  .app-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 32px rgba(10,22,40,0.1);
  }
  .app-card:hover::after { transform: scaleX(1); }
  .app-icon {
    width: 52px; height: 52px;
    background: rgba(13,148,136,0.1);
    border-radius: 10px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
  }
  .app-card h5 {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    color: var(--navy);
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
  }
  .app-card p {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    color: #5a6b80;
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin: 0;
  }

  /* ── CHALLENGES ── */
  .challenges-section { background: var(--cream); }
  .challenge-item {
    display: flex;
    gap: 1.25rem;
    padding: 1.5rem;
    border-radius: 8px;
    background: white;
    border: 1px solid var(--border);
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    transition: box-shadow 0.2s;
  }
  .challenge-item:hover { box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.07); }
  .challenge-num {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: 2rem;
    font-weight: 900;
    color: rgba(13,148,136,0.2);
    line-height: 1;
    min-width: 48px;
  }
  .challenge-text h6 {
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    color: var(--navy);
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
  }
  .challenge-text p {
    font-size: 0.88rem;
    color: #5a6b80;
    line-height: 1.65;
    margin: 0;
  }

  /* ── FUTURE ── */
  .future-section { background: var(--navy); color: white; }
  .future-section .section-title { color: white; }
  .future-section .section-sub { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6); }
  .future-section .divider { background: var(--gold); }
  .future-body {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75);
  }

  /* ── TIMELINE ── */
  .timeline { position: relative; padding-left: 2rem; }
  .timeline::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0;
    width: 2px;
    background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--teal), var(--gold));
  }
  .timeline-item {
    position: relative;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    padding-left: 1.5rem;
  }
  .timeline-item::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: -0.55rem; top: 0.35rem;
    width: 10px; height: 10px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: var(--teal-light);
    border: 2px solid var(--navy);
  }
  .timeline-item .year {
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 2px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 0.25rem;
  }
  .timeline-item h6 {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: white;
    margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
  }
  .timeline-item p {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin: 0;
  }

  /* ── ETHICS ── */
  .ethics-section { background: #f8fafc; }
  .ethics-pill {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.5rem;
    background: rgba(13,148,136,0.08);
    color: var(--teal);
    border: 1px solid rgba(13,148,136,0.2);
    border-radius: 50px;
    padding: 0.4rem 1rem;
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin: 0.3rem;
  }

  /* ── SOURCES ── */
  .sources-section { background: var(--navy); }
  .source-card {
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
    border-radius: 8px;
    padding: 1.5rem;
    transition: border-color 0.2s;
  }
  .source-card:hover { border-color: var(--teal); }
  .source-card .journal {
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 2px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--teal-light);
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  }
  .source-card h6 {
    font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: white;
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
  }
  .source-card .authors {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.45);
    margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
  }
  .source-card a {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: var(--teal-light);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
  }
  .source-card a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

  /* ── FOOTER ── */
  footer {
    background: #040e1c;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.4);
    text-align: center;
    padding: 2rem 0;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
  }

  /* ── ANIMATIONS ── */
  .fade-up {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(30px);
    transition: opacity 0.7s ease, transform 0.7s ease;
  }
  .fade-up.visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
  .fade-up-delay-1 { transition-delay: 0.1s; }
  .fade-up-delay-2 { transition-delay: 0.2s; }
  .fade-up-delay-3 { transition-delay: 0.3s; }

  /* ── RESPONSIVE ── */
  @media (max-width: 768px) {
    .hero-stat-row { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.5rem; }
    section { padding: 4rem 0; }
  }